TABLE OF CONTENTS:

PART ONE: WHAT ARE ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY?

1 Anthropology and Human Diversity 1
    Specialization in Anthropology 3
    What We Learn from Anthropology: Understanding Human Differences 6
    GLOBALIZATION Anthropologists and Stone Age Tribes 11
    Anthropology in a Changing World 11
    ETHNOGRAPHY Body Ritual Among the Nacirema 12

2 A Sociological Compass 19
    Introduction 20
    The Sociological Perspective 22
    Sociological Theories 30
    Their Revolution and Ours 37
    Why Sociology? 41
    Summary 42
    Glossary 43
    Questions to Consider 44
    Web Resources 44
    Suggested Readings 45

PART TWO: THINKING ABOUT THE WAYS WE THINK

3 The Anatomy of Arguments: Identifying Premises and Conclusions 47
    The Key to Identification: Seeing What Is Supported by What 50
    Clues to Identifying Argument Parts: Indicator Words 51
    Marking the Parts of Arguments 52
    What to Do When There Are No Indicator Words: The Principle of Charitable Interpretation 56
    Patterns of Argument 59
    Identifying Premises and Conclusions in Longer Passages 67
    Applications to Writing 72

4 Should We Generalize about People? 75

PART THREE: INTRODUCING THEORIES IN ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY

5 Appendix 83

6 The Development of Anthropological Thought 91
    Nineteenth-Century Origins 92
    Early Twentieth-Century Contributions 95
    Mid-Century Evolutionary Approaches (Ca. 1940 - 1970) 98
    Anthropological Thought Today 99
    Summary 106
    Key Terms 107
    Suggested Readings 107
    Internet Exercises 107

7 Three Sociological Perspectives 109

PART FOUR: METHODS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH

 

8 Methods of Investigation 119
    Ethnographic Methods 120
    Comparative Methods 128
    Summary 132
    Key Terms 133
    Suggested Readings 133
    Internet Exercises 134
 

9 Doing Sociological Research 135
    The Research Process 137
    The Tools of Sociological Research 147
    Prediction, Sampling, and Statistical Analysis 152
    Is Sociology Value-Free? 156
    Research Ethics 158
    Chapter Summary 160

PART FIVE: CULTURE AND SOCIETY, ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION, AND SOCIAL CONTROL

10 Culture and Society 163
    Introduction to Culture 164
    Bases of Human Behavior: Culture and Biology 164
    The Carriers of Culture 168
    Social Structure and Institutions 177
    Types of Societies 183
    When Institutions Die: The Tragedy of the Ojibwa 186
    An Application: Alcoholism and Native Americans 189
    Summary 191
    Sociology on the Net 191
    Suggested Readings 192

11 Socialization 193
    The Socialization Process 195
    Theories of Socialization 199
    Agents of Socialization 204
    Growing Up in a Diverse Society 209
    Socialization Across the Life Cycle 211
    Resocialization 216
    Chapter Summary 219

12 Learning Culture 221
    The Cultural Construction of Human Development 222
    Enculturation and Personality 226
    The Transmission of Culture 227
    Coming of Age: Male Initiation 228
    Female Initiation 229
    Coming of Age in the United States 230
    GLOBALIZATION Female Circumcision: An International Human Rights Issue 231
    Schooling and Society 232
    ETHNOGRAPHY Cross-Cultural Comparison: Preschools in Japan, China, and the United States 233
    School Culture and Social Status in the United States 236

13 Social Control 241
    Informal Control 243
    Formal Control 245
    Prevention 245
    Deterrence 249
    The Wheels of Justice 254
    Reform and Resocialization 257
    Conclusion 260
    Review Glossary 260
    Suggested Readings 261
    Sociology Online 261

14 Deviance and Crime 263
    The Social Definition of Deviance and Crime 264
    Explaining Deviance and Crime 276
    Social Control and Punishment 281
    Summary 288
    Glossary 288
    Questions to Consider 289
    Web Resources 289
    Suggested Readings 290

PART SIX: CULTURE, COMMUNITY AND FAMILY

15 Culture 291
    Sociological Imagination 292
    Culture, Society, and Genetic Heritage 292
    Language and Culture 294
    Sociology in the News 295
    Dimensions of Culture 296
    Cultural Diversity and Similarity 303
    Doing Research 307

16 Language 315
    Origins and Development of Human Language 316
    Communication and Human Language 317
    BOX Nonhuman Primate Communication 318
    Acquiring Language 319
    The Structure of Language 322
    Language and Culture 326
    GLOBALIZATION Endangered Languages 327
    BOX Genderlects: Conversation Between Men and Women 328
    ETHNOGRAPHY The Indian and the White Man 332
    Nonverbal Communication 336
    Language Change 336

17 Religion 343
    The Functions of Religion 344
    BOX Religion and Ecology 346
    Myth and Symbolism 347
    The World of Spirits and Sacred Powers 349
    GLOBALIZATION The Internationalization of Religion in America 350
    Religious Rituals 351
    BOX Aztec Human Sacrifice 354
    Witchcraft and Sorcery 356
    Religious Practitioners 358
    Religion and Change 361
    ETHNOGRAPHY The Rastafari: Religion and Resistance to Domination 363

18 The Sociological Perspective on Religion 371
    The Religious Contours of a Community 372
    The Nature of the Sociological Perspective 376
    Defining Religion 378
    Definition as Strategy 378
    Substantive Definitions 379
    Functional Definitions 381
    Definitions of Religion as Contested Boundaries 383
    Aspects of Religion 385
    Religious Belief 385
    Religious Ritual 387
    Religious Experience 388
    Religious Community 390
    The Development of the Sociology of Religion 392
    Summary 394

19 Race and Ethnicity 395
    Race and Ethnicity 397
    Racial Stereotypes 401
    Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism 403
    Theories of Prejudice and Racism 409
    Diverse Groups, Diverse Histories 412
    Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Relations 419
    Attaining Racial and Ethnic Equality: The Challenge 422
    Chapter Summary 426

20 Gender in Comparative Perspective 429
    Cultural Construction of Gender 430
    The Sexual Division of Labor 433
    The Status of Women 442
    Summary 451
    Key Terms 452
    Suggested Readings 452
    Internet Exercises 453

21 Kinship 455
    Kinship 456
    Unilineal Descent 457
    Cognatic Descent 465
    Bilateral Kinship 467
    Influences on Kinship Systems 467
    Classifying Relatives: Kinship Terminologies 469
    Summary 475
    Key Terms 475
    Suggested Readings 476
    Internet Exercises 476

22 The Family 477
    Defining the Family 479
    Family Functions: An International Perspective 481
    Modernization and Romance 490
    Modernization and Kinship 492
    Modernization and Divorce 493
    Gender and Extramarital Sex 495
    Living Together 497
    The One-Parent Family 498
    Remarriage 500
    Household Chores 502
    Conclusion 502
    Review Glossary 504
    Suggested Readings 504
    Sociology Online 505

PART SEVEN: SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND STRATIFICATION

23 Concepts and Theories of Stratification 507
    Conceptions of Social Class 508
    Marx's Concept of Class 508
    Weber's Three Dimensions of Stratification 511
    Status Inconsistency 512
    Social Mobility 513
    Marx and the Classless Society 517
    The Functionalist Theory of Stratification 520
    The Social Evolution Theory of Stratification 523
    The Conflict Theory of Stratification 524
    Conclusion 526
    Review Glossary 526
    Suggested Readings 527
    Sociology Online 528

24 Who Rules America? The Corporate Community and the Upper Class 529

25 Social Inequality and Stratification 535
    Systems of Equality and Inequality 536
    Castes in Traditional India 538
    Classes in Industrial Societies: The United States 540
    Maintaining Inequality 543
    Theories of Inequality 545
    Summary 549
    Key Terms 550
    Suggested Readings 550
    Internet Exercises 550

PART EIGHT: POLITICAL ECONOMY AND GLOBALIZATION

26 Economics 551
    Economic Behavior 552
    Economic Systems 553
    Production and Resources 554
    Distribution: Systems of Exchange 563
    BOX The Kula Ring 566
    GLOBALIZATION Redistribution Among Nations 569
    ETHNOGRAPHY Women and Labor in Urban Turkey 572

27 The Organization of Political Life 577
    Forms of Political Organization 578
    Social Control and Law 584
    Legal Systems 585
    Summary 592
    Key Terms 593
    Suggested Readings 593
    Internet Exercises 594

28 Cultural Change 595
    Europe and the Great Expansion 596
    The Era of Colonialism 601
    BOX Why the Natives Died: Disease in European Expansion 602
    ETHNOGRAPHY African Soldiers of Misfortune 605
    Independence and Development 608
    BOX Cargo Cults in Melanesia 610
    GLOBALIZATION The New 100% American 616

29 Global Stratification 623
    Global Stratification 625
    Consequences of Global Stratification 631
    Theories of Global Stratification 634
    World Poverty 640
    The Future of Global Stratification 645
    Chapter Summary 646

30 Nature, Culture, and Development 649
    In Pursuit of Progress 650
    Emerging Class Relations 654
    Commodities, Needs, and Satisfactions 657